Cutoff Frequencies and Evanescent Modes

Possible solutions for the axial factor                 in the Helmholtz equation are











A propagating guided wave is described by





For a given frequency, the modes are limited for


Evanescent modes,                  do not transport acoustic energy down the duct.

If the frequency is greater than the cutoff                 , the mode is propagating

If the frequency is less than the cutoff then the mode is evanescent

For all propagating modes other than a plane wave, propagation above the
cut-off frequency the is dispersive
Guided wave modes describes sound waves in a duct

Cross Sectional Eignefunctions
  Solutions of the Helmholtz equation may be constructed using
separation-of-variables yielding



introduction of the separation constant leads to the following differential
equations








For ducts with rectangular cross sections the eigenfunctions and
eigenvalues can be describes as